Civil and Commercial Code of Thailand: translation law text 'right of retention'. The right under Thai law of a private individual of withholding a debt, or of retaining property in his possession until a debt to him is duly paid.

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PART V

Right of Retention

Section 241. If the possessor of a property belonging to another has an obligation in his favour relating to the property possessed, he may retain the property until the obligation is performed; but this does not apply, if the obligation is not yet due.

The provisions of the forgoing paragraph do not apply, if the possession begins by an unlawful act.

Section 242. The right of retention does not exist if it is incompatible with the obligation assumed by the creditor, or with the instructions given by the debtor before or at the time of delivery of the property or if it is against public order.

Section 243. In case of insolvency of the debtor, the creditor has the right of retention even if his claim is not yet due. If the insolvency has occurred or become known to the creditor after the delivery of the property, he can exercise the right of retention even if an obligation previously assumed by him or the instruction given by the debtor, opposes it.

Section 244. The holder of a right of retention may exercise his right against the whole of the property retained until the obligation is wholly performed.

Section 245. The holder of a right of retention may take the fruits of the property retained and appropriate them to the performance of the obligation in preference to other creditors.

Such fruits must first be appropriated to the interest on the obligation, and if there is any surplus must be appropriated to the principal.

Section 246. The holder of a right of retention is bound to take such appropriate care of the property retained as might be expected from him in his situation.

The holder of a right of retention cannot use or let the property retained or give it as security, without the consent of the debtor; but this does not apply to such use as is necessary for the preservation of the property.

If the holder of a right of retention acts contrary to any provision of the foregoing paragraphs, the debtor may claim the extinction of the right.

Section 247. If the holder of a right of retention incurs necessary expenses in respect to the property retained he may require the owner to reimburse him.

Section 248. Subject to the provisions of Section 193/27, the exercise of a right of retention does not prevent the running of prescription against the obligation.

Section 249. The debtor may claim the extinction of the right of retention on giving proper security.

Section 250. A right of retention is extinguished by the loss of possession of the property; but this does not apply to the case where the property retained is let or pledged with the consent of the debtor.

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Book II Thailand Civil and Commercial Code: (contract law) Obligations: under Thai law the requirement to do what is imposed by law, promise, or contract; a duty or the generic term for any type of legal duty or liability.

BOOK II

OBLIGATIONS

TITLE

GENERAL PROVISIONS

CHAPTER I

SUBJECT OF OBLIGATIONS

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Section 194. by virtue of an obligation the creditor is entitled to claim performance from the debtor. The performance may consist in a forbearance.

Section 195. When the thing which forms the subject of an obligation is described only in kind, if its quality cannot be determined by the nature of the juristic act or the intention of the parties, the debtor must deliver a thing of medium quality.

If the debtor has done every thing required on his part for the delivery of such thing, or if he on obtaining the consent of the creditor has designated a thing for delivery, such thing becomes from that time the subject of the obligation.

Section 196. If a money debt is expressed in a foreign currency, payment may be made in Thai currency.

The commutation is made according to the rate of exchange current in the place of payment at the time of payment.

Section 197. If a money debt is payable in a specific kind of money which is no longer current at the time of payment, the payment shall be as if the kind of money were not specified.

Section 198. If several acts of performance are due in such manner that only one of them is to be done, the right to elect belongs to the debtor unless otherwise stipulated.

Section 199. The election is made by a declaration of intention to the other party. The performance elected is deemed to be the only one due from the beginning.

Section 200. If the election is to be made within a period of time, and the party who has the right of election does not exercise it within such period, the right of election passes to the other party.

If no period of time was fixed, when the obligation becomes due, the party who has not the right of election can notify the other party to exercise his right of election within a reasonable time to be fixed in such notice.

Section 201. If a third person is to make the election, it is done by a declaration of intention made to the debtor, who must inform the creditor.

If such third person cannot make the election or is unwilling to do so, the right of election passes to the debtor.

Section 202. If one of the acts of performance is impossible from the beginning, or if it subsequently becomes impossible, the obligation is limited to the other act of performance. This limitation does not arise if the performance becomes impossible in consequence of a circumstance for which the party not entitled to elect is responsible.

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CHAPTER II

EFFECT OF OBLIGATIONS

PART I

Non-Performance

Section 203. If a time for performance is neither fixed nor to be inferred from the circumstances, the creditor may demand the performance forthwith, and the debtor may perform his part forthwith.

If a time is fixed, it is to be presumed, in case of doubt, that the creditor may not demand the performance before that time; the debtor, however, may perform earlier.

Section 204. If the debtor does not perform after warning given by the creditor after maturity, he is in default through the warning.

If a time by calendar is fixed for the performance, the debtor is in default without warning if he does not perform at the fixed time. The same rule applies if a notice is required to precede the performance, and the time is fixed in such manner that it may be reckoned by the calendar from the time of notice.

Section 205. The debtor is not in default so long as the performance is not effected in consequence of a circumstance of a circumstance for which he is not responsible.

Section 206. In obligations arising from an unlawful act, the debtor is in default from the time when he committed it.

Section 207. a creditor is in default if, without legal ground, he does not accept the performance tendered to him.

Section 208. The performance must be actually tendered to the creditor in the manner which it is to be effected.

But if the creditor has declared to the debtor that he will not accept performance, or if for effecting the performance an act of the creditor is necessary, it is sufficient for the debtor to give him notice that all preparations for performance have been made and that it is for him to accept it. In such cases the notice by the debtor is equivalent to a tender.

Section 209. If a time certain is fixed for the act to be done by the creditor, tender is required only if the creditor does the act in due time.

Section 210. If the debtor is bound to perform his part only upon counter performance by the creditor, the creditor is in default if, though prepared to accept the performance tendered, he does not offer the required counter-performance.

Section 211. A creditor is not in default if the debtor is not in a position to effect the performance at the time of tender, or, in the case provided by Section 209, at the time fixed for the act of the creditor.

Section 212. If the time of performance is not fixed, or if the debtor is entitled to perform before the fixed time, the creditor is not in default by reason of the fact that he is temporarily prevented from accepting the tendered performance, unless the debtor has given him notice of this intended performance a reasonable time beforehand.

Section 213. If a debtor fails to perform his obligation, the creditor may make a demand to the Court for compulsory performance, except where the nature of the obligation does not permit it.

When the nature of an obligation does not permit of compulsory performance, if the subject of the obligation is the doing of an act, the creditor may apply to the court to have it done by a third person at the debtor's expense; but if the subject of the obligation is doing of a juristic act, a judgment may be substituted for a declaration of intention by the debtor.

As to an obligation whose subject is the performance from an act, the creditor may demand the removal of what has been done at the expense of the debtor and have proper measures adopted for the future.

The provisions of the foregoing paragraphs do not affect the right to claim damages.

Section 214. Subject to the provisions of Section 733, the creditor is entitled to have his obligation performed out of the whole of the property of his debtor including any money and other property due to the debtor by third person.

Section 215. When the debtor does not perform the obligation in accordance with the true intent and purpose of the same, the creditor may claim compensation for any damages caused thereby.

Section 216. If by a reason of default, the performance becomes useless to the creditor, he may refuse to accept it and claim compensation for non-performance.

Section 217. A debtor is responsible for all negligence during his default. He is also responsible for impossibility of performance arising accidentally during the default, unless the injury would have arises even if he had performed in due time.

Section 218. When the performance becomes impossible in consequence of a circumstance for which the debtor is responsible, the debtor shall compensate the creditor for any damage arising from the non-performance.

In case of partial impossibility the creditor may, by declining the still possible part of the performance, demand compensation for non-performance of the entire obligation, if the still possible part of performance is useless to him.

Section 219. The debtor is relieved from his obligation to perform if the performance becomes impossible in consequence of a circumstance, for which he is not responsible, occurring after the creation of the obligation.

If the debtor, after the creation of the obligation, becomes unable to perform, it is equivalent to a circumstance rendering the performance impossible.

Section 220. A debtor is responsible for the fault of his agent, and of person whom he employs in performing his obligation, to the same extent as for his own fault. In such case the provisions of Section 373 have no application.

Section 221. A money debt bearing interest ceases to bear interest during the default of the creditor.

Section 222. The claim of damages is for compensation for all such damage as usually arises from non performance.

The creditor may demand compensation even for such damage as has arisen from special circumstances, if the party concerned foresaw or ought to have foreseen such circumstances.

Section 223. If any fault of the injured party has continued in causing the injury, the obligation to compensate the injured party and the extent of the compensation to be made depends upon the circumstances, especially upon how far the injury has been caused chiefly by the one or the other party.

This applies also even if the fault of the injured party consisted only in an omission to call the attention of the debtor to the danger of an unusually serious injury which the debtor neither knew not ought to have known, or in an omission to avert or mitigate the injury. The provisions of Section 220 apply mutatis mtandis.

Section 224. A money dent bears interest during default seven and half percent per annum. If the creditor can demand higher interest on any other legitimate ground, this shall continue to be paid.

Interest for default shall not be paid upon interest.

Proof of further damage is admissible.

Section 225. If the debtor is bound to make compensation for the value of an object which has perished during the default, or which cannot be delivered for a reason which has arisen during the default, the creditor may demand interest on the amount to be paid as compensation, from the time which serves as the basis for the estimate of the value. The same rule applies if the debtor is bound to make compensation for the diminution in value of an object which has deteriorated during the default.

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PART II

Subrogation

Section 226. A person is subrogated to the rights of a creditor is entitled to exercise in his own name all the rights which the creditor had in respect of the obligation including any security for it.

By real subrogation, a property is substituted for another property in the same juristic position as the previous one.

Section 227. When a creditor has received as compensation for damage the full value of the thing or right which is the subject of the obligation, the debtor is, by operation of law, subrogated into the position of the creditor with regard to such thing or right.

Section 228. If, in consequence of the circumstance which makes the performance impossible, the debtor acquires a substitute or a claim for compensation for the object owed, the creditor may demand delivery of the substitute received or may claim for compensation by himself.

If the creditor has a claim for compensation on account of non-performance, the compensation to be made to him is diminished, if he exercises the right specified in the foregoing paragraph, by the value of the substitute received or of the claim for compensation.

Section 229. Subrogation takes place by operation of law and ensues to the benefit of the following persons:

1. The person who, being himself a creditor, pays another creditor who has priority to him owing to such other creditor having a preferential right, pledge or mortgage.
2. When acquires an immovable property, the person who uses the purchase price in paying off the persons who have mortgages thereon.
3. The person who, being bound with other or for others to pay a debt and was interested in paying the same, has paid it.

Section 230. If the creditor levies compulsory execution upon an object belonging to the debtor, any person who through the execution incurs danger of losing a right in the object is entitled to satisfying the creditor. The same right belongs to the possessor of a thing if he incurs danger of losing possession through the execution.

If a third person satisfies the creditor he is subrogated of the claim of the latter. Such claim may not be enforced to the detriment of the creditor.

Section 231. If properties mortgaged, pledged or otherwise subject to a preferential right, are insured, the mortgage, pledge or other preferential right extends to the claim against the insurer.

In case of immovable property, the insurer shall not pay the indemnity to the assured until he has given notice of his intention to do so to the mortgagee or other preferred creditor, and has not within one month from such notice received any objection to the payment, provided always that the insurer knew or ought to have known of the mortgage or other preferential right; however, any right registered in the Land Registry is deemed to be known to the insurer.

The same rule shall apply to mortgage of movables allowed by law. In case of movable property, the insurer may pay the indemnity to the assured directly, unless he knew or ought to have known of the pledge or other preferential right.

The insurer is not liable to the creditor if the insured property is restored or a substitute for it is provided.

The same rule shall be applied mutatis mutandis in case of expropriation as well as in case of indemnity due to the owner of the property for destruction or damage.

Section 232. If under the foregoing section a sum of money is being substituted for the property destroyed or damaged, such sum shall in no case be delivered to the mortgage, pledge or other preferred creditor before the obligation secured is due,and if the parties cannot come to an agreement with the debtor, each of them is entitled to demand that the said sum be deposited at the Deposit Office their common benefit unless the debtor gives proper security.

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PART III

Exercising Debtor’s Claims

Section 233. If, to the prejudice of the creditor, the debtor refuses or neglects to exercise a claim the creditor may, in order to protect his obligation, exercise such claim in his own name of behalf of the debtor, except those which are purely personal to the debtor.

Section 234. The creditor who exercises a claim belonging to his debtor must summon the debtor to appear in the action.

Section 235. A creditor may exercise a claim belonging to the debtor for the whole amount due to the debtor, without regard to the amount due to him. But the defendant may satisfy the creditor by paying the amount due to him alone, provided that if the original debtor has joined as a plaintiff he may proceed to judgment for the balance.

In any case the creditor cannot obtain more than what is due to him.

Section 236. The defendant may set up against the creditor all defenses which he may have against the debtor, excepting those which arose after the entry of the action.

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PART IV

Cancellation of fraudulent acts

Section 237. The creditor is entitled to claim cancellation by the Court of any juristic act done by the debtor with knowledge that it would prejudice his creditor; but this does not apply if the person enriched by such act did not know, at the time of the act, or the facts which could make it prejudicial to the creditor, provided, however, that in case of gratuitous act the knowledge on the part of the debtor alone is sufficient.

The provisions of the foregoing paragraph do not apply to a juristic act whose subject is not a property right.

Section 238. The cancellation under the foregoing section cannot affect the right of a third person acquired in good faith.

The foregoing paragraph does not apply if the right is acquired gratuitously.

Section 239. Cancellation operates in favour of all the creditors.

Section 240. A claim for cancellation cannot be brought later than one year from the time when the creditor knew of the cause of cancellation, or later than ten years since the act was done.

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Foundations and Associations are legal juristic persons under Thai Civil and Commercial laws in Thailand: the foundation and association as a non-governmental legal entity that is recognized by law as the subject of rights and duties under the Civil and Commercial Code of Thailand.

Jump to:

• Juristic Persons
• Associations
• Foundations
• Limited companies

CHAPTER II

JURISTIC PERSONS

PART I

General Provisions

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Section 65. A juristic person can come into existence only by virtue of this Code or of other law.

Section 66. A juristic person has rights and duties conformity with the provisions of this Code or of other law within the scope of its power and duties, or its object as provided by or defined in the law, regulation or constitutive act.

Section 67. Subject to Section 66, a juristic person enjoys the same rights and is subject to the same duties as a natural person by reason of their nature , may only be enjoyed or incurred only by a natural person.

Section 68. The domicile of a juristic person is the place where it has its principal office or establishment, or which has been selected as a special domicile in its regulation or constitutive.

Section 69. In the case where a juristic person has several establishments or has its branch office, the place of its branch office may also be considered its domicile as to acts there performed.

Section 70. A juristic person must have one or several representatives as prescribed by the law, regulations or its constitutive act, decisions as to the affairs of juristic persons are made by a majority of the representatives.

Section 71. In the case where a juristic person has several representatives, if it is not otherwise provided by the law, or defined in regulations or constitutive act, decisions as to the affairs of juristic person are made by a majority of representatives.

Section 72. The change of representatives of juristic person or of any restriction, or modification of the power of representatives shall be effective after having complied with the law, regulations or its constitutive act, but cannot be set up against third person acting in good faith.

Section 73. If a vacancy occurs among the representatives of juristic person, and there is reason to believe that damage might ensue from delay, the Court may, on the application of any interested person or of the Public Prosecutor, appoint a temporary representative.

Section 74. In a matter in which the interested of a juristic person conflict with those of the representative of juristic person, the latter has no representative power.

Section 75. If, in the case under Section 74, it causes a non-existence of the representatives of juristic person, or number of the remaining representatives cannot constitute quorum of the meeting or is sufficient to execute such matter, if it is not otherwise provided by the law, or defined in its regulations or constitutive act, the provisions of Section 73 shall apply to the appointment of special representatives, 'mutatis mutandis'.

Section 76. A juristic person is bound to make compensation for any damage done to other persons by its representatives or the person empowered to act on behalf of the juristic person in the exercise of their functions, saving its right of recourse against the causers of the damage.

If damage is done to other persons by an act which is not within the scope of the object or power and duties of the juristic person, all the persons as mentioned in paragraph one who agreed such act or executed it, are jointly liable to make compensation.

Section 77. The provisions on Agency of this Code shall apply to the relationship between the juristic persons and its representatives, and between the juristic person or its representative and third persons, 'mutatis mutandis'.

PART II

Association

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Section 78. An association created for conducting any activity which, according to its nature, is to be done continuously and collectively by persons other than that of sharing profits or incomes earned, must have its regulations and must be registered according to the provisions of this Code

Section 79. The regulations must at least have the following particulars:

1. The name of the association.
2. Its object.
3. Address of its principal office and all its branches.
4. Rules for admission of its members and conclusion of membership.
5. Rates and member-fee.
6. Rules for the Committee of association, i.e. number of the directors, appointment of the directors, term of office of the directors, retirement of office of the directors and meetings of the Committee.
7. Rules for the management of the association, the keeping of accounts and the property of the association.
8. The association must have the word ‘association' incorporated with its name.

Section 80 The association must have a word "association" incorporated with its name.

Section 81. The application for registration of an association must be filed jointly in writing by at least three of the would-be members of the association with the Registrar of the area where the principal office of the association is situated, and regulations of the association, list of names, addresses and occupations of at least ten would-be members of the association are to be attached to the application.

Section 82. When the application for registration together with the regulations are received by the Registrar and the application is found correct under Section 81 and the regulations are correct under Section 79, the object of the association is not contrary to the law or good moral or endangering public order or national security and all particulars contained in the application or in the regulations conform the object of the association, or the would-be directors of the association have status or conduct suitable for implementing the object of the association, the Registrar shall make registration and issue a certificate of registration to the association. The registration shall be published in the Government Gazette.

It is found that the application or the regulations are not in conformity with Section 81 or Section 79, the particulars contained in the application or in the regulations do not conform to the object of the association, or would-be directors of the association do not have the status and conduct suitable for implementing the object of the association, the Registrar shall instruct the applicant to make correction or alteration, and shall, after the correction or alteration having been made, make registration and issue a certificate of registration to the association.

If it is considered by the Registrar that the registration cannot be made because the object of the association is contrary to the law or good moral or likely to endanger public order or national security, or the applicant fails to make correction or alteration as such within thirty days from the day of which the instruction of the Registrar came to his knowledge, the Registrar shall give and order refusing the registration and inform the applicant without delay of reasons for such refusal.

The applicant is entitled to appeal in writing against the order of refusal for registration to the Minister of Interior through the Registrar within thirty days from the date of receipt of the refusal order.

The Minister of Interior shall decide the appeal and inform the appellant of the decision within thirty days from the date of receipt of the written appeal by the Registrar. The decision of the Minister of Interior shall be final.

Section 83. The association so registered is a juristic person.

Section 84. No alterations of and additions to the regulations of an association may be made, except by a resolution of the general meeting. Such alterations and additions must be deposited for registration at the Registrar Office where the principal office of the association is situated within fourteen days from the date of the resolution, and the provisions of Section 82 shall apply, mutatis mutandis. It shall become effective after the registration thereof by the Registrar.

Section 85. The appointment of new directors of the association of the alteration thereof shall be made in accordance with the regulations of the association and must be registered by the Registrar at the Registrar Office where the principal office of the association is situated within thirty days from the date of such appointment or alteration of the directors of the association.

If it is considered by the Registrar that any of the directors under paragraph one does not have status or conduct suitable for implementing the object of the association, the Registrar may refuse the registration of that director of the association. In case of refusal, the Registrar shall notify the association of reason for such refusal within sixty days from the date of application, and the provisions of Section 82 paragraph four and paragraph five shall apply, mutatis mutandis.

If the registration of new directors of the association has not yet been made, the old directors of the association shall further perform the functions of the directors of the association until the registration of the new directors of the association is made, unless otherwise provided in the regulations of the association.

Section 86. The directors of the association is to carry on the activities of the association under the law and the regulations of the association, and under supervision of the general meetings.

Section 87. An association is represented in its relations with third persons by its committee.

Section 88. All activities performed by the Committee of the association are valid even though it appears afterwards that there is any fault concerning the appointment or qualification of the directors of the association.

Section 89. A member of an association is entitled during working hours of the association inspect the business and property of the association.

Section 90. A member of the association has to pay total subscription on the day when he applies for being member or at the beginning of the period for payment of subscription, unless otherwise provided in the regulations.

Section 91. A member of the association is entitled to withdraw at any time from the association, unless otherwise provided in the regulations.

Section 92. Each member of an association is liable to the debt of the association for not more than the amount of the subscription due by him.

Section 93. A general meeting shall be called by the directors of the association at least once a year.

Section 94. The Committee of the association may summon extraordinary meetings as they think fit.

A requisition for summoning an extraordinary meeting may be made in writing by members of not less than one-fifth of the whole members of the association, or of not less than one hundred, or of not less than the number set forth in the regulations to the Committee of the association. The requisition must specify the object for which the meeting is required to be summoned.

When the Committee of the association have received the requisition for the summoning of an extraordinary meeting under paragraph two, they shall summon such meeting within thirty days from the date of receipt of the requisition.

If the meeting is not summoned within the period of time under paragraph three, the members who have made the requisition for summoning such extraordinary meeting or other members of not less that the number set forth in paragraph to may summon the meeting by themselves.

Section 95. In summoning a general meeting, a notice for the meeting shall be sent not later than seven days before the date fixed for the meeting to every member whose name appears in the register of the association, or may be published at least twice in a prevailing local paper, not less than seven days before the date of the meeting.

The notice must specify the place, the day and the hour of the meeting as well as its agenda, and closely relevant details and documents shall also be sent. As for a summoning of the extraordinary meeting through a publication, the said details and documents must be provided and ready for distributing to the member who request therefore at the place fixed by the person summoning such meeting.

Section 96. In a general meeting of the association, members present at the meeting of not less than one-half of the total number of members shall constitute a quorum, unless provisions on a quorum of the meeting in the regulations of the association are otherwise provided.

If the quorum so provided is not present, the general meeting, if summoned upon requisition of members, shall be dissolved. But if the general meeting had not been summoned upon the requisition of members, another general meeting shall be summoned by the Committee within fourteen days from the date of the fist summoned meeting and at such later meeting no quorum shall be necessary.

Section 97. Decision of the meeting shall be by majority of votes, except in the case where a particular majority of votes is specially provided in the regulations of the association.

Each member shall have one vote. In case of an equally of votes, the chairman of the meeting shall have an additional vote as casting vote.

Section 98. Any member may vote by proxy, unless otherwise provided in the regulations of the association.

Section 99. Any director or any member of an association who has in a resolution an interest in conflict with an interest of the association cannot vote in such resolution.

Section 100. If any general meeting has been summoned or held or a resolution passed contrary to the regulations of the association or the provisions of this Title, any such member or the public Prosecutor may apply to the Court for cancellation of the resolution of such general meeting, provided that the application is entered within one month after the date of the resolution.

Section 101. An association is dissolved:

1. In the cases provided in its regulations, or
2. If formed for a definite period of time, by the expiration of such period, or
3. If formed for any undertaking, by the termination of such undertaking, or 
4. By a resolution to dissolve passed in a general meeting, or 
5. By the association becoming bankrupt, or
6. By having its name struck of the register by the Registrar under Section 102, or 
7. By an order of the Court under Section 104.

Section 102. The Registrar shall have the power to give an order to have the name of an association struck off the register in the following cases:

1. It appears after registration that the object of the association is contrary to the law or public moral or is likely to endanger the public peace or national security and an order for alteration of such object has been given by the Registrar, but the association fails to comply therewith within period of time fixed by the Registrar.
2. It appears that any activity conducted by the association is contrary to the law or public moral or is likely to endanger the public peace or national security.
3. The association has stopped doing business for more than two consecutive years.
4. It appears that the association allows or let other persons who are not members of the association to execute business of the association.
5. The number of members of the association has been less than ten for more than two consecutive years.

Section 103. After the name of any association has been struck off the register by the order of the Registrar under Section 102, the Registrar shall send to order together with its reason to the association without delay, and shall publish such dissolution in the Government Gazette.

Any director or member of the association of not less than three in number are entitled to appeal against the order of the Registrar given under paragraph one to the Minister of Interior. The appeal must be in writing and sent to the Registrar within thirty days from the date of being informed of the order, and provisions of Section 82 paragraph five shall apply, mutatis mutandis.

Section 104. When a case under Section 102 happens, an interested person may request the Registrar to have the name of the association struck off the register. If the Registrar fails to comply with the request and does not inform the person who made the request of the reasons within a reasonable period of time, or the reason given by the Registrar are not satisfied by the person having made the request, he may apply to the Court for dissolution of the association.

Section 105. When an association is to be dissolved under Section 101 (1) (2) (3) or (4), the Committee of the association that holds the office at the time of dissolution of the association shall inform the Registrar of the dissolution within fourteen days from the date of such dissolution.

In case where an association is declared bankrupt by a final judgment or order of the Court under Section 101 (5), or is dissolved by a final order under Section 104, the Court shall notify the Registrar of the said judgment or order.

The Registrar shall publish such dissolution in the Government Gazette.

Section 106. Upon dissolution of an association, the liquidation of the association shall be made, and the provisions in Book III, Title 22 on Liquidation of Registered Partnerships, Limited Partnerships and Limited Companies shall apply to the liquidation of the association, mutatis mutandis.

Section 107. After liquidation, the remaining assets, if any, cannot be distributed among the members of the association. They shall be transferred to such other association or foundation, or any juristic person whose object is of charity purposes as may be designated in the regulations, by the resolution of the association in general meeting. If no transferee of the said assets has been designated, by the regulations or by the resolution of association in general meeting, or if designated but it is unable to comply therewith, the remaining assets shall belong to the State.

Section 108. Any person may, on application to the Registrar, inspect the documents relating to an association kept by the Registrar or request for certified copies of the said documents to be delivered to him by the Registrar, and Registrar, and the Registrar shall comply therewith after payment of such fee as may be prescribed by the Ministerial Regulations has been made.

Section 109. The Minister of Interior shall take charge and control of the execution of the provisions of this Part and have the power to appoint the Registrar and to issue Ministerial Regulations on:

1. The application for registration and the making of registration.
2. Fees for the registered, the inspection of documents and the copying of documents as well as the fee for any activities concerning the foundation to be performed by the Registrar, including the exemption of the said fees.
3. The conduct of business of the association and its register.
4. Any other matters for carrying out the provisions of this Title.

Such Ministerial Regulations Shall become effective upon their publication in the Government Gazette.

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PART III

Foundation

Section 110. A foundation consists of property specially appropriated to public charity, religious, art, scientific, education or other purpose for the public benefit and not for sharing profit, and has been registered under the provisions of this Code.

The property of a foundation must be managed for implementing the objects of that foundation, and not for seeking interest for any person.

Section 111. A foundation must have its regulations and must have a Committee, consisting of at least three persons, to conduct business of the foundation according to the law and regulations of the foundation.

Section 112. The regulations must have at least the following particulars:

1. The name of the association
2. Its objects
3. Addresses of its principal office and all its branch offices.
4. Its property at the time of creation.
5. Rules for the Committee of the foundation, i.e. number of the directors, appointment of the directors, term of office of the directors, retirement of office of the directors ad meetings of the Committee. 
6. Rules for management of the foundation, the management of the property and keeping of accounts of the foundation.

Section 113. The foundation must have a word ‘foundation' incorporated with its name.

Section 114. The application for registration of a foundation must be filed in writing with the Registrar of the area where the principal office of the foundation is situated, and it must at least specify the owner of the property and the list of the property appropriated for the foundation together with the list of names, addresses and occupation of all the would-be directors of the foundation, including the regulations of the foundation.

Section 115. When the application for registration together with the regulations are received by the registrar, and the application is found correct under Section 114 and the regulations correct under Section 112, the objects of the foundation are not contrary to the law or good moral or endangering public order or national security and all particulars contained in the application or in the regulations conform to the objects of the foundation, or the would-be directors of the foundation have status or conduct suitable for implementing the objects of the foundation, the registrar shall make registration and issue a certificate of registration to the foundation The registration shall be published in the Government Gazette.

If it is found that the application or the regulations are not in conformity with Section 114 or Section 112, the particulars contained in the application or in the regulations do not conform to the object of the foundation, or the would be directors of the foundation do not have status and conduct suitable for implementing the object of the foundation, the registrar shall instruct the applicant to make correction or alteration, and shall, after the correction or alteration having bee made, make registration and issue a certificate of registration to the foundation.

If it is considered by the registrar that the registration cannot be made because the objects of the foundation are contrary or the law or good moral or likely to endanger public order or national security, or the applicant fails to make correction or alteration as such within thirty Thailand Civil and Commercial Code days counting from the day on which the instruction of the registrar came to his knowledge, the registrar shall give an order refusing the registration and inform the applicant without delay of reasons for such refusal.

The applicant is entitled to appeal in writing against the order of refusal for registration to the Minister of Interior through the registrar within thirty days from the date of receipt of the refusal order.

The Minister of Interior shall decide the appeal and inform the appellant of the decision within thirty days from the date of receipt of the written appeal by the registrar. The decision of the Minister of Interior shall be final.

Section 116. Before the registration of the foundation being made by the registrar, the applicant for creating a foundation is entitled to withdraw the application by submitting a written notice to the registrar. The right to withdraw the application does not devolve on the heirs. In the case where the application for establishment of the foundation is made by many persons, if it is withdrawn by any applicant, it shall become extinguished.

Section 117. If the applicant for creating the foundation dies before the registration by the registrar, and the deceased does not make a will revoking the application for creation of such foundation, the application shall be effective and be proceeded on with the creation of such foundation by the heirs or administrator, or the person entrusted by the deceased. If the said person fails to proceed with the matter within one hundred and twenty days from the death of the applicant for creation of the foundation, any interested person or the public prosecutor may proceed with the matter in the capacity of the applicant.

If the foundation cannot be created in accordance with the objects set by the deceased and no testamentary disposition is provided otherwise, the provisions of Section 1679 paragraph two shall be applied mutatis mutandis.

If proceeding under Section 1679 paragraph two cannot be made or the foundation cannot be created under Section 115, the appropriated property shall be vested in the estate of the deceased.

Section 118. If there is a testamentary disposition to create a foundation under Section 1676, the person charged with the duty to create the foundation under Section 1677 paragraph one shall precede with the matter under Section 114 and under provisions of this Section.

If the person charged with the duty to create the foundation under paragraph one fails to apply for registration to effect the creation of the foundation within one hundred and twenty days from the date that the testamentary disposition to create the foundation came to or should have come to knowledge of the said person, any interested person or the public prosecutor may apply for such registration.

If the applicant for registration of the foundation fails to make modifications or alterations in compliance with the instruction, any interested person or the public prosecutor may apply for such registration again.

If a protest is made to the registrar on the ground that the will does not provide for creating the foundation, the registrar shall notify the protestor to make a request to the court within sixty days counting from the date he has been notified by the registrar, and the registrar shall not consider the registration but wait for the judgment or order of the court and comply therewith. If the protester fails to make the request to the court within the time limit, the registrar shall further consider the registration of the foundation.

Section 119. If the will that contains the testamentary disposition does not have such particulars as provided in Section 112 (1) (3) (5) or (6), the applicant under Section 118 can stipulate the said particulars. If any interested person makes a protest against the applicant, the registrar shall give an order as he thinks fit and notify the applicant and the protester of the order, he can file a protest with the court within sixty days count ing from the date of receipt of the notification from the registrar. The registrar shall not consider the registration but wait for the judgment or order of the court and comply therewith. If no protest is filed within the time limit, the registrar shall consider the registration according to the order given.

Section 120. If there are many applicants for registration of the foundation under the will of the same de cujus, and the applications contradict each other, the registrar shall summon the applicants for making an agreement. If the applicants do not show up or cannot come to an agreement within a period of time fixed by the registrar, the registrar shall give an order as he thinks fit, and the provisions of Section 119 shall be applied mutatis mutandis.

Section 121. After registration of the foundation, if the applicant for creating the foundation is still alive, the property appropriated therefore shall vest in the foundation from the date of registration of the foundation by the registrar.

If the applicant for creating a foundation dies before the registration of the foundation by the registrar, the property appropriated therefore shall vest in the foundation from the death of the applicant after the registration.

Section 122. The foundation so registered is a juristic person.

Section 123. A foundation is represented in its relations with third persons by its committee.

Section 124. All activities performed by the committee of the foundation are valid even though it appears afterwards that there is any fault concerning the appointment or qualification of directors of the foundation.

Section 125. The appointment of new directors of the foundation or the alteration thereof shall made in accordance with the regulations of the foundation and must be registered within thirty days counting from the date of such appointment or alteration of the directors of the foundation.

If it is considered by the registrar that any of the directors under paragraph one does not have status or conduct suitable for implementing the objects of the foundation, the registrar may refuse the registration of the director.

In case of refusal, the registrar shall notify reasons of the foundation for such refusal within sixty days counting from the date of application, and the provisions of Section 115 paragraph four and paragraph five shall be applied mutatis mutandis.

In the case where the directors of the foundation vacate their office and no director is remaining or the remaining directors are unable to perform their function, the director who has vacated his office shall, if no regulations of the foundation provides, perform further the function of director until the foundation is notified by the registrar of the registration of the new director.

The director who has vacated his office on dismissing account by the order of the court under Section 129 cannot perform his function under paragraph three.

Section 126. Subject to Section 127, the committee of the foundation is empowered to amend the regulations of the foundation.

If the rules and manners for the amendment have been provided in the regulations of the foundations, the amendment must be made according to those provided in the regulations and it shall be deposited for registration at the registrar office within thirty days counting from the date of amendment by the committee of the foundation, and the provision of Section 115 shall be applied mutatis mutandis.

Section 127. The amendment of any particulars in the regulations of the foundation under Section 112 (2) can be made only for the following purposes:

1. To make the implementation of the object of the foundation possible; or
2. The change of circumstance makes the object of the foundation become less benefit or makes it unable to carry on the activities to fulfill the object of the foundation, and the object of the foundation so amended are close to the original objects.

Section 128. The registrar shall has the power to inspect, control and supervise the carrying on of activities of the foundation t be in conformity with the law and the regulations of the foundation. For this purpose, the registrar or any competent officials entrusted by the registrar in writing shall have power;

1. To give and order in writing to a director, officer, employee or agent of the foundation for giving explanation and presenting facts concerning the business of the foundation, or to summon the said person for enquiry or to instruct him to send or produce accounting books and other documents of the foundation for inspection.
2. To enter the office of the foundation between sunrise and sunset for inspecting the business of the foundation.

In performing the duty under paragraph one, the registrar shall produce his identity card while the entrusted competent officials have to produce to any concerned person their identity cards and a letter of power of the registrar.

Section 129. Any director who causes an injury to the foundation through his wrongful performance of activities or performs the activities contrary to the law or the regulations of the foundation, may application of the registrar, the public prosecutor or of any interested person, be dismissed from being director of the foundation by the court.

If the performance of activities under paragraph one is of the committee of the foundation or the objects of the foundation are not implement without reasonable causes by the committee, the court may, on application of the registrar, the public prosecutor or of any interested person, give an order dismissing the committee from the office.

In case of dismissal of any director or of the committee of the foundation by the court under paragraph one or paragraph two, the court may appoint order or a committee in place of a director or the committee of the foundation so dismissed and registrar shall make registration of the person who has been appointed as director of the foundation by the court.

Section 130. A foundation is dissolved;

1. Upon such cause as provided in the regulations, or 
2. If formed for definite period of time, by the expiration of such period, or 
3. If formed for any object, upon its object being fulfilled or becoming impossible, or 
4. Upon the foundation becoming bankrupt, or 
5. By an order of the court to dissolve the foundation under Section 131.

Section 131. On the application of the registrar, the public prosecutors or of any interested person, the court may order a foundation t o be dissolved in the following cases;

(1) It appears that the objects of the foundation are contrary to the law.
(2) It appears that the foundation has done the business contrary to the law and good moral, or may endanger the public peace or national security.
(3) It appears that the foundation cannot proceed on its activities by any cause whatsoever or has stopped doing business for more than two years.

Section 132. When a case under Section 130 (1) (2) or (3) happens, the committee of the foundation that holds the office at the time of dissolution of the foundation shall notify the registrar of the dissolution within forty days counting from the date of its dissolution. If the court passes a final judgment or gives a final order to effect to foundation to become bankrupt under Section 130 (4), or gives a final order to dissolve the foundation under Section 131, the court shall also notify the registrar of the said judgment or order. The registrar shall publish the dissolution of the foundation in the Government Gazette.

Section 133. Upon dissolution of the foundation, the liquidation of the foundation shall be made, and the provisions in Book III, Title 22 on Liquidation of Registered Partnerships, Limited Partnerships and Limited Companies shall be applied to the liquidation of the foundation mutatis mutandis.

To this effect, the report on the liquidation shall be submitted to the registrar by the liquidator and it shall be approved by the registrar.

Section 134. After liquidation, the remaining assets shall be transferred to such foundation or juristic person whose object is in conformity with Section 110 as specified in the regulations, the public prosecutor, the liquidator or any interested person may apply to the court for appropriating the assets to other foundation or juristic person whose object is closely similar to that of such foundation. 

If the foundation is dissolved by the order of the court under Section 131 (1) or (2) or the appropriation of the assets under paragraph one cannot be made, the assets of the foundation shall vest in the State.

Section 135. On the application to the registrar, any person may access to the documents relating to a foundation kept by the registrar or request for certified copies of the said documents and the registrar shall comply therewith after payment of such fee as prescribed by the Ministerial Regulations.

Section 136. The Minister of Interior shall take charge and control of the execution of the provisions of this Part and have the power to appoint the registrar and issue Ministerial Regulations on;

1. The application for registration and the making of registration.
2. Fees for the registration, the inspection of documents and the copying of documents as well as the fee for any activities concerning the foundation to be performed by the registrar including the exemption of the said fees.
3. Forms of the identity cards of the registrar and of a competent official.
4. The conduct of business of the foundation and its register.
5. Any other matters for carrying out the provisions of this Title.

Such Ministerial Regulations shall become effective upon their publication in the Government Gazette.

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TITLE VI

Hire of Services

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Section 575. A hire of services is a contract whereby a person, called the employee, agrees to render services to another person, called the employer, who agrees to pay remuneration for the duration of the services.

Section 576. The promise to pay a remuneration is implied, if, under the circumstances if cannot be expected that the services are to be rendered gratuitously.

Section 577. The employer may transfer his right to a third person with the consent of the employee.

The employee may have a third person render the services in his place with the consent of the employer.

If either party acts contrary to this provision, the other party may terminate the contract.

Section 578. If the employee either expressly or impliedly warrants special skill on his part, the absence of such skill entitles the employer to terminate the contract.

Section 579. Absence of the employee from service for a reasonable cause and during a reasonably short period does not entitle the employer to terminate the contract.

Section 580. If no time for payment of remuneration is fixed by the contract or by custom, the remuneration is payable after the services have been rendered; if fixed by periods, the remuneration is payable at the end of each period.

Section 581. If after the end of the agreed period the employee continues to render services and the employer knowing thereof does not object, the parties are presumed to have made a new contract of hire on the same terms, but either party can terminate the contract by giving notice in accordance with the following section.

Section 582. If the parties have not fixed the duration of the contract, either party can terminate it by giving notice at or before any time of payment to take effect at the following time of payment. But no more than three-month notice need be given.

The employer can, on giving such notice, immediately dispense with the services of the employee by paying him his remuneration up to the expiration of the notice.

Section 583. If the employee willfully disobeys or habitually neglects the lawful commands of his employer, absents himself for services, is guilty of gross misconduct, or otherwise acts in a manner incompatible with the due and faithful discharge of his duty, he may be dismissed by the employer without notice or compensation.

Section 584. If a hire of services is one in which the personality of the employer forms an essential part such contract is extinguished by the death of the employer.

Section 585. If a hire of services comes to an end, the employee is entitled to a certificate as to the length and nature of his services .

Section 586. If the employee has been brought from elsewhere at the expense of the employer, the employer is bound, when the hire of service comes to an end, unless otherwise provided in the contract, to pay the cost of the return journey, provided that:

1. The contract has not been terminated or extinguished by reason of the act or fault of the employee, and
2. The employee returns within a reasonable time to the place from which he has been brought.

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ลักษณะ 6 จ้างแรงงาน

มาตรา 575 อันว่าจ้างแรงงานนั้น คือสัญญาซึ่งบุคคลคนหนึ่ง เรียกว่าลูกจ้าง ตกลงจะทำงานให้แก่บุคคลอีกคนหนึ่ง เรียกว่านาย จ้างและนายจ้างตกลงจะให้สินจ้างตลอดเวลาที่ทำงานให้

มาตรา 576 ถ้าตามพฤติการณ์ไม่อาจจะคาดหมายได้ว่างานนั้น จะพึงทำให้เปล่าไซร้ ท่านย่อมถือเอาโดยปริยายมีคำมั่นจะให้สินจ้าง

มาตรา 577 นายจ้างจะโอนสิทธิของตนให้แก่บุคคลภายนอกก็ได้ เมื่อลูกจ้างยินยอมพร้อมใจด้วย

ลูกจ้างจะให้บุคคลภายนอกทำงานแทนตนก็ได้ เมื่อนายจ้างยินยอม พร้อมใจด้วย

ถ้าคู่สัญญาฝ่ายใดทำการฝ่าฝืนบทบัญญัตินี้ คู่สัญญาอีกฝ่ายหนึ่ง จะบอกเลิกสัญญาเสียก็ได้

มาตรา 578 ถ้าลูกจ้างรับรองโดยแสดงออกชัดหรือโดยปริยาย ว่าตนเป็นผู้มีฝีมือพิเศษ หากมาปรากฏว่าไร้ฝีมือเช่นนั้นไซร้ ท่านว่า นายจ้างชอบที่จะบอกเลิกสัญญาเสียได้

มาตรา 579 การที่ลูกจ้างขาดงานไปโดยเหตุอันสมควร และ ชั่วระยะเวลาน้อยพอสมควรนั้น ท่านว่าไม่ทำให้นายจ้างมีสิทธิบอก เลิกสัญญาได้

มาตรา 580 ถ้าไม่มีกำหนดโดยสัญญาหรือจารีตประเพณีว่าจะ พึงจ่ายสินจ้างเมื่อไร ท่านว่าพึงจ่ายเมื่องานได้ทำแล้วเสร็จ ถ้าการ จ่ายสินจ้างนั้นได้กำหนดกันไว้เป็นระยะเวลา ก็ให้พึงจ่ายเมื่อสุด ระยะเวลาเช่นนั้นทุกคราวไป

มาตรา 581 ถ้าระยะเวลาที่ได้ตกลงว่าจ้างกันนั้นสุดสิ้นลงแล้ว ลูกจ้างยังคงทำงานอยู่ต่อไปอีกและนายจ้างรู้ดั่งนั้นก็ไม่ทักท้วงไซร้ ท่านให้สันนิษฐานไว้ก่อนว่าคู่สัญญาเป็นอันได้ทำสัญญาจ้างกันใหม่ โดยความอย่างเดียวกันกับสัญญาเดิม แต่คู่สัญญาฝ่ายใดฝ่ายหนึ่ง อาจจะเลิกสัญญาเสียได้ด้วยการบอกกล่าวตามความใน มาตรา ต่อไปนี้

มาตรา 582 ถ้าคู่สัญญาไม่ได้กำหนดลงไว้ในสัญญาว่าจะจ้างกัน นานเท่าไร ท่านว่าฝ่ายใดฝ่ายหนึ่งจะเลิกสัญญาด้วยการบอกกล่าว ล่วงหน้า ในเมื่อถึงหรือก่อนจะถึงกำหนดจ่ายสินจ้างคราวใดคราวหนึ่ง เพื่อให้เป็นผลเลิกสัญญากันเมื่อถึงกำหนดจ่ายสินจ้างคราวถัดไปข้าง หน้าก็อาจทำได้ แต่ไม่จำต้องบอกกล่าวล่วงหน้ากว่าสามเดือน

อนึ่ง ในเมื่อบอกกล่าวดั่งว่านี้ นายจ้างจะจ่ายสินจ้างแต่ลูกจ้างเสีย ให้ครบจำนวนที่จะต้องจ่ายจนถึงเวลาเลิกสัญญาตามกำหนดที่บอก กล่าวนั้นทีเดียวแล้วปล่อยลูกจ้างจากงานเสียในทันที ก็อาจทำได้

มาตรา 583 ถ้าลูกจ้างจงใจขัดคำสั่งของนายจ้างอันชอบด้วย กฎหมายก็ดี หรือละเลยไม่นำพาต่อคำสั่งเช่นว่านั้นเป็นอาจิณก็ดี ละทิ้งการงานไปเสียก็ดี กระทำความผิดอย่างร้ายแรงก็ดี หรือ ทำประการอื่นอันไม่สมแก่การปฏิบัติหน้าที่ของตนให้ลุล่วงไปโดย ถูกต้องและสุจริตก็ดี ท่านว่านายจ้างจะไล่ออกโดยมิพักต้องบอก กล่าวล่วงหน้า หรือให้สินไหมทดแทนก็ได้

มาตรา 584 ถ้าจ้างแรงงานรายใดมีสาระสำคัญอยู่ที่ตัวบุคคล ผู้เป็นนายจ้าง ท่านว่าสัญญาจ้างเช่นนั้นย่อมระงับไปด้วยมรณะ แห่งนายจ้าง มาตรา 585 เมื่อการจ้างแรงงานสุดสิ้นลงแล้ว ลูกจ้างชอบที่จะ ได้รับใบสำคัญ แสดงว่าลูกจ้างนั้นได้ทำงานมานานเท่าไรและงานที่ ทำนั้นเป็นงานอย่างไร

มาตรา 586 ถ้าลูกจ้างเป็นผู้ซึ่งนายจ้างได้จ้างเอามาแต่ต่างถิ่น โดยนายจ้างออกเงินค่าเดินทางให้ไซร้ เมื่อการจ้างแรงงานสุดสิ้นลง และถ้ามิได้กำหนดกันไว้เป็นอย่างอื่นในสัญญาแล้ว ท่านว่านายจ้าง จำต้องใช้เงินค่าเดินทางขากลับให้ แต่จะต้องเป็นดั่งต่อไปนี้ คือ

1. สัญญามิได้เลิกหรือระงับ เพราะการกระทำหรือความผิดของ ลูกจ้างและ
2. ลูกจ้างกลับไปยังถิ่นที่ได้จ้างเอามาภายในเวลาอันสมควร

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